1 00:00:00,990 --> 00:00:08,310 All right, in this grammar refresh, we will be going over the present perfect continuous. 2 00:00:09,330 --> 00:00:13,270 But the verb tense isn't perfect and tenuous. 3 00:00:14,200 --> 00:00:21,810 Now, this is a verb tense that you will use when you're trying to express or talk about some action 4 00:00:22,380 --> 00:00:23,890 that happened in our past. 5 00:00:24,300 --> 00:00:28,960 It all started in the past, but then it continued happening. 6 00:00:29,730 --> 00:00:38,310 It never stopped, but started in the past, continued happening up until the time that you're talking 7 00:00:38,310 --> 00:00:38,690 about it. 8 00:00:40,180 --> 00:00:43,270 So here we're talking about an ongoing action. 9 00:00:44,040 --> 00:00:51,800 And so that is the continuous part and it's ongoing and the present perfect means that it started at 10 00:00:51,800 --> 00:00:55,580 some point in the past and continued up until. 11 00:00:56,820 --> 00:01:03,480 Now, at the time we're talking about it, so to make this verb tense, this present perfect continuous, 12 00:01:04,260 --> 00:01:06,630 the structure is going to be as follows. 13 00:01:07,530 --> 00:01:13,020 First, you have a form of the verb to have. 14 00:01:13,830 --> 00:01:18,680 So you're going to either have as or have depending on your subject. 15 00:01:19,700 --> 00:01:23,600 I have or you have. 16 00:01:25,300 --> 00:01:38,380 But for he or she or it he, as he has and so have or has after that, we follow it with the past participle 17 00:01:38,920 --> 00:01:41,770 of the verb to be, which has been. 18 00:01:43,190 --> 00:01:46,460 But together, we have have been or has been. 19 00:01:48,150 --> 00:01:50,490 Now, the last part, you just take your main verb. 20 00:01:51,490 --> 00:01:56,920 And you change it to its present participle in this ISG form. 21 00:01:57,840 --> 00:02:04,360 If we look at our first example, it says, I've been dreaming of going to Brazil for years. 22 00:02:05,310 --> 00:02:07,670 So here the main verb is to drink. 23 00:02:08,190 --> 00:02:16,050 So it's in its present, artists perform dreaming, but I've been dreaming, which means I have I've 24 00:02:16,650 --> 00:02:23,580 I have been dreaming or I've been dreaming of going to Brazil for years now. 25 00:02:23,580 --> 00:02:30,990 Many times when we use this present perfect, continuous well have some kind of time marker in our sentence. 26 00:02:31,590 --> 00:02:36,650 For example, the first sentence we just read as the time marker for years. 27 00:02:36,960 --> 00:02:38,310 So we know how long. 28 00:02:39,530 --> 00:02:43,780 The duration or how long this action has been happening. 29 00:02:44,670 --> 00:02:48,240 And I've been dreaming of going to Brazil for years. 30 00:02:49,200 --> 00:02:57,990 I've been dreaming that is the present perfect English, the next example is Sarah hasn't been studying 31 00:02:57,990 --> 00:02:58,470 lately. 32 00:02:58,980 --> 00:03:00,510 She's been very lazy. 33 00:03:01,620 --> 00:03:07,320 Here again, we're using the present perfect continuous and it hasn't been studying. 34 00:03:09,070 --> 00:03:09,910 But what does this mean? 35 00:03:09,940 --> 00:03:12,760 It means that at some point in the past. 36 00:03:15,770 --> 00:03:24,710 Started or did not start the action of study, right, and that continued up until this present time 37 00:03:24,740 --> 00:03:25,730 that we're talking about it. 38 00:03:26,890 --> 00:03:35,260 It hasn't been studied and you'll notice this is a negative or right has in our example sentence is 39 00:03:35,260 --> 00:03:40,200 contracted with the word, not with, hasn't it? 40 00:03:40,420 --> 00:03:44,440 You can write it as a contraction hasn't or you can separate it as not. 41 00:03:45,130 --> 00:03:53,410 But just make sure you realize that not those between has and been there has not been studied or Sarah 42 00:03:53,800 --> 00:03:55,000 hasn't been studied. 43 00:03:58,440 --> 00:04:05,850 With this grammar refresh, we're going to go over how we can use a few prepositions when talking about 44 00:04:05,850 --> 00:04:07,380 transportation option. 45 00:04:08,640 --> 00:04:11,310 So remote transportation option. 46 00:04:12,270 --> 00:04:19,140 And again, transportation options means things that get you from one place to another are plane, things 47 00:04:19,140 --> 00:04:23,070 like that right now for most transportation options. 48 00:04:23,430 --> 00:04:25,980 We're going to use the preposition by. 49 00:04:26,970 --> 00:04:30,960 So I went by plane and went by bus. 50 00:04:32,890 --> 00:04:41,740 Now, the only time we don't use by is when the way that we went somewhere was for walking, if we walked 51 00:04:41,800 --> 00:04:42,340 somewhere. 52 00:04:43,370 --> 00:04:53,840 We don't say by foot or by, but we got it, we say on foot, we're going to switch that preposition 53 00:04:53,840 --> 00:04:56,740 to on if we're talking about walking. 54 00:04:57,470 --> 00:05:00,410 But let's look at our examples so we can see how clear this becomes. 55 00:05:01,480 --> 00:05:10,390 The first example says traveling is so easy now, you can go by plane, by train, by car. 56 00:05:10,930 --> 00:05:13,630 Our options are unlimited, right? 57 00:05:14,030 --> 00:05:21,250 But you can see by plane, by train, by car or all transportation options. 58 00:05:22,450 --> 00:05:24,790 The second example, you'll see how we change that. 59 00:05:25,510 --> 00:05:29,310 The second example says, I'd rather go on foot. 60 00:05:29,950 --> 00:05:34,860 It's easier to take pictures and appreciate whatever you see on your way. 61 00:05:36,410 --> 00:05:38,320 So here you'll notice it's not. 62 00:05:38,360 --> 00:05:43,560 I'd rather go by foot, that is not correct here you're going to say I'd rather go on.