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In this Granma refresh, we're going to start by looking at introductory elements and we looked at this

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before, but it's nice to see them again with different example sentences that you can kind of understand

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how they work.

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So.

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Remember these introductory elements, when you're writing them, you're always going to use a comma

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after them and when you're speaking, you're always going to put that pause in there after you say the

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introductory element.

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So let's look at our examples.

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The first one is after a year long unemployment, he finally found a job.

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So after a year long unemployment.

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They finally found a job.

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The next example, since I'm quitting my job.

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I want to travel the world for a bit.

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So, again, these introductory elements, they kind of set up the situation, right?

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They kind of set the scene.

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And the last one is therefore.

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I am handing in my two weeks notice now.

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So you'll notice even a simple word can be used as an introductory element.

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The next part of the grammar refresh is we're going to look at this phrase that is must have it or you

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can say must have it right.

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Must have not.

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But this phrase must have.

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Although normally by something that someone did something that something happened, and we use this

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phrase when we're making a guess about something in the past, it but it's kind of a strong guess,

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right?

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We have a really strong reason we're thinking this.

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But let's look at our example.

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And the first one is you look sad.

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Something bad must have happened, right?

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It must have happened.

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That means we're we're really sure something bad happened.

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And that's why you're sad.

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The next example, sadly, isn't at the office today, it must have caught a cold, it was raining cats

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and dogs yesterday.

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Its first raining cats and dogs is an expression.

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And, you know, obviously it can't rain cats and dogs in English.

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That means that it's raining a lot.

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There's a lot of rain.

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And, you know, we use this phrase, she must have caught a cold.

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And then we followed with it was raining cats and dogs.

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That's the reason why we say must have it's like our evidence.

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And if you want, you can contract this, right?

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She must have.

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Must have.

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We just say the part.

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It must have caught a cold.